Treatments

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that inflames the air sacs (alveoli) in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other pathogens. Common symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, cough with phlegm, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe, with older adults, young children, and individuals with weakened immune systems at higher risk of complications. Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, chest X-ray, and sputum or blood tests. Treatment depends on the cause and severity and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, or supportive care like oxygen therapy.

Causes

• Bacterial: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae.
• Viral: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COVID-19.
• Fungal: Pneumocystis jirovecii (common in immunocompromised patients).

Symptoms

• High fever and chills.
• Persistent cough with mucus (yellow, green, or bloody).
• Chest pain, especially during breathing or coughing.
• Shortness of breath or rapid breathing.
• Fatigue and weakness.

Risk Factors

• Age: Infants, young children, and adults over 65.
• Chronic illnesses: Asthma, COPD, diabetes, heart disease.
• Weakened immune systems: HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments.
• Smoking and exposure to pollutants.

Complications

• Pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs).
• Lung abscess.
• Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation.
• Sepsis (infection spreading to the bloodstream).